CMOS current amplifier

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for amplifying an input current into an output current. An input current is first injected in or pulled out of a transimpedance stage and converted, in a linear way, into an interstage voltage. The interstage voltage is then converted into the output current. The conversion of the interstage voltage into an output current is performed by maintaining a transistor in the triode mode to obtain a linear conversion as well as adding a current which comes from a current source.

[0001] The present application claims priority of U.S. provisional patent application 60/185,499 filed Feb. 28, 2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to current amplifiers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Current amplifiers are widely used in signal detection/processing systems. For instance, sensors may provide very weak currents proportional to the physical variables acquired. Such current signals may need to be amplified for further processing in electronic circuits.

[0004] Two approaches are commonly used.

[0005] The first approach consists in using current mirrors. The amplification is performed using large transistors aspect ratios, Dell'Ova et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,066) describe a circuit which uses current mirrors in one embodiment of their invention. Unfortunately, such designs suffer from great limitations; their implementation requires large silicon surfaces to accommodate large transistors. Such large silicon surfaces produce consequently large parasitic capacitances, increasing delay and power dissipation. Moreover, such current amplifiers usually can not function correctly at weak-current levels.

[0006] A second approach consists in employing cascaded transimpedance and transconductance amplifiers. This approach may provide a higher current gain than the first approach. Unfortunately, in most of the existing current amplifiers of this kind, circuit structures are usually complex, involving amplifiers, multiple current sources and current mirrors. As explained with the first approach, current mirrors may be dysfunctional with weak currents. Furthermore, in many reported current amplifiers, a four-level cascoding structure is often used. In each cascoding structure, the transistors are usually set in a saturation mode. It may be difficult to meet such requirements if the supply voltage is low.

[0007] Consequently, there is a need for an efficient current amplifier operating at weak current levels.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] It is another object of the present invention to provide a current amplifier which operates with low current signals, in the pico/nano ampere range.

[0009] It is an object of the present invention to provide a current amplifier which dissipates low power, e.g. in the range of 0.5 mW, while having a high current gain as well as a high gain-bandwidth product for signals which may be low current signals, in pico/nano ampere range.

[0010] Yet another aspect of the present invention is to provide such current amplifier which may be implemented on a small silicon surface, e.g. in CMOS.

[0011] According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for converting a time-variable voltage signal into a time-variable output current signal using at least one transistor, the method comprising the steps of receiving the time-variable voltage signal; transmitting the time-variable voltage signal to the drain of a transistor, the transistor being maintained in a linear voltage-current operating mode; converting the time-variable voltage signal into a time-variable current signal using the transistor; and adding the time-variable current signal to a substantially fixed current signal generated by a substantially fixed current source to provide an output time-variable current signal.

[0012] According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a converter for converting a time-variable voltage signal into a time-variable current signal, the converter comprising a first transistor for receiving the time-variable voltage signal and providing a shifted time-variable voltage signal; a second transistor which is maintained in a linear current-voltage operating zone, the second transistor receiving the shifted time-variable voltage signal and providing an intermediary time-variable current signal, the intermediary time-variable current signal being proportional to the time-variable voltage signal; a substantially fixed current source; an output, the output receiving a substantially fixed current signal from the substantially fixed current source and the intermediary time-variable current signal to provide a time-variable current signal, wherein the linear current-voltage operating zone of the second transistor and the substantially fixed current source ensures an efficient current amplification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] The invention will be better understood by way of the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment with reference to the appended drawings, in which:

[0014]FIG. 1a is an electrical schematic which shows a prior art voltage signal to current signal converter;

[0015]FIG. 1b is an electrical circuit schematic which shows one embodiment of the present invention;

[0016]FIG. 1c is a block diagram which shows a bidirectional current amplifier;

[0017]FIG. 2 is an electrical circuit schematic diagram which shows one embodiment of the present invention;

[0018]FIG. 3a is a graph which shows the output voltage versus the control gate voltage for the CMOS-inverter-like first stage for various operation modes of the NMOS and PMOS transistors of the stage;

[0019]FIG. 3b shows the state of each transistor of the first stage for each zone;

[0020]FIG. 4 is a graph which shows the output voltage of the first stage versus the input current over the operating range;

PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0021] Now referring to FIG. 1a, there is shown a prior art voltage to current converter. An input voltage ν_(INT) is converted into an output current i_(out) using transistor T₃.

[0022] Unfortunately, such converter does not provide a linear response for any voltage due to its non-linear voltage-to-current transfer characteristic, Such converter may also have difficulties to work with low voltage.

[0023] Now referring to FIG. 1b, there is shown one embodiment of the present invention. Transistor T₃ transmits a voltage variation ν_(INT) into a voltage variation ν_(do). Furthermore, transistor T₅ is maintained in a linear voltage-current mode. Transistor T₅ converts such ν_(do) variation into a current variation. Transistor T₅is maintained in a linear voltage-current mode which ensures an efficient voltage to current conversion which overcomes the limitations from the prior art.

[0024] As shown in FIG. 1c, a bidirectional current signal amplifier may amplify positive as well as negative current signals. An input 26 receives the current signal to amplify; the output 34 provides the amplified current signal. A control element allows a user as well as a microcontroller or any type of computing means to set the control signals 28, 32, 36.

[0025] Now referring to FIG. 2, there is shown one embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment of the present invention comprises a transimpedance stage 6 and a transconductance stage 8. The transimpedance stage 6 converts a current into an intermediate voltage ν_(INT). The transconductance stage 8 converts the intermediate voltage ν_(INT) into an output current i_(OUT).

[0026] More precisely, the first stage 6 comprises a NMOS transistor T₂ and a PMOS transistor T₁. The source of the transistor T₁ is connected to a supply voltage source V_(dd). The drain of transistor T₁ is connected to the drain of transistor T₂. The source of transistor T₂ is connected to the ground. The bias of the transistors T₁ and T₂ are controlled by their common gate voltage V_(TH1) 28. The input current signal i_(IN) is injected into or pulled out of the drain of transistor T₁ and transistor T₂.

[0027] Now referring to FIG. 3a, there is shown the intermediate voltage V_(INT) versus the control gate voltage V_(TH1) of the first stage of one embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] If the input current of this first stage is equal to zero, this first stage of the current amplifier is, in fact, a CMOS inverter. Such a CMOS inverter operates in 5 different regions as illustrated in FIG. 3b.

[0029] Applying the threshold voltage V_(TH1) of the inverter at the common gate 28 makes the two transistors, T₁ and T₂, operate simultaneously in the saturation region and their common drain voltage V_(INT) is equal to the threshold voltage as shown in FIG. 3a. This is the biasing condition of the first stage of the current amplifier.

[0030] If an input current i_(IN) is injected into the first stage 6, and i_(IN) is small enough, the intermediate voltage ν_(INT) of the first stage 6 will be changed to V_(TH1)-ν_(d), wherein ν_(d) is equal to i_(IN·r) _(d), r_(d) being the resistance from a drain point of view. In this embodiment of the present invention, r_(d) is approximately equal to the product r_(dSN)·r_(dSP)/(r_(dSN)+r_(dSP)), r_(dSN) and r_(dSP) being the drain-to-source resistances of transistors T₂ and T₁, respectively. As r_(d) may be a few hundred of mega-ohms, ν_(INT) is highly sensitive to i_(IN).

[0031] Now referring back to FIG. 2, and according to one embodiment of the present invention, the second stage 8 comprises two NMOS transistors T₃ and T₅ and two PMOS transistors T₄ and T₆. The source 24 of transistor T₅ is connected to the ground. The drain 22 of transistor T₅ is connected to the source of transistor T₃. The drain of transistor T₃ is connected to the common drain of transistor T₄ and T₆. The source of transistor T₄ is connected to the voltage supply source V_(dd). Both gates of transistors T₄ and T₅ are connected together, at which a bias voltage V_(TH2) is applied. The value of V_(TH2) is chosen to drive T₄ and T₅ in the saturation region in case of 22 and 20 being shorted. The input of the second stage 8 is applied at the gate of transistor T₃. Transistor T₃ operates as a source follower and transfers the input voltage signal from node ν_(INT) to node ν_(DO). This results in a low voltage level at the drain of T₅ and it is, therefore, driven in the triode region. Transistor T₅ converts a variation ν_(do) into a variation i_(n). It will be appreciated that the conversion of ν_(do) into a variation of i_(n) is performed efficiently as the drain-to-source resistance of transistor T₅ operating in the triode region is small. Transistor T₄ provides an almost constant current is i_(p), i_(p=I) _(p). Transistor T₆ operates, in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, in the saturation mode. Transistor T₆ ensures a high output impedance of the current amplifier as well as a stabilization of the signal from following stages.

[0032] When the input current i_(IN) is zero at the input 26 of the first stage 6, the input 30 of the second stage 8 has a voltage V_(D) equal to V_(TH1), transistor T₄ generates a current I_(P), the current of transistor T₅ is i_(N)=I_(N)=I_(p). The output current is equal to i_(OUT)=I_(OUT)=I_(P)−I_(N) according to Kirchhoff's current law. If the input current is non-zero at the input of the first stage 6, and as previously explained, the output of the first stage ν_(IN) will be equal to V_(TH1)−ν_(d), the drain of transistor T₅ will encounter a variation of −ν_(do). The current which flows though the drain of transistor T₅ will be equal to i_(N)=I_(N)−I_(n) wherein i_(n)=ν_(do)/r_(dSN5), where r_(dSN5) is the drain-to-source resistance of transistor T₅ operating in the triode mode. The output current i_(OUT) is equal to i_(P)−i_(N) and by definition is equal to i_(out)+I_(OUT). The output signal current i_(out) is equal to i_(out)=ν_(do)/r_(dSN5·ν) _(do) is equal to kr_(d)i_(in) wherein k=ν_(do)/ν_(d). The gain from the current amplifier is therefore A,=k·r_(d)/r_(dSN5), which is far more important than 1. It will be appreciated that this current amplifier is capable of operating with bi-directional current signal. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An amplifier for amplifying a time-variable voltage signal into a time-variable current signal, said amplifier comprising: a first transistor for receiving said time-variable voltage signal and providing a shifted time-variable voltage signal; a second transistor which is maintained in a linear current-voltage operating zone, said second transistor receiving said shifted time-variable voltage signal and providing an intermediary time-variable current signal, said intermediary time-variable current signal being proportional to said time-variable voltage signal; a substantially fixed current source; an output, said output receiving a substantially fixed current signal from said substantially fixed current source and said intermediary time-variable current signal to provide a time-variable current signal, wherein said linear current-voltage operating zone of said second transistor and said substantially fixed current source ensures an efficient current amplification.
 2. The amplifier as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising a third transistor receiving said time-variable current signal and providing said time-variable current signal with isolation from following stages.
 3. The amplifier as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising a transimpedance amplifier stage, said transimpedance amplifier receiving an input time-variable current signal and providing said time-variable voltage signal.
 4. The amplifier as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said first transistor, said second transistor and said substantially fixed current source are embedded on the same substrate.
 5. The amplifier as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said substantially fixed current source is a transistor.
 6. The amplifier as claimed in claim 3 , wherein said transimpedance amplifier stage comprises two transistors, each of said two transistors are working in the saturation mode with their drain connected together to said input time-variable current signal as well as to said time-variable voltage signal.
 7. A method for converting a time-variable voltage signal into an output time-variable current signal using at least one transistor, said method comprising the steps of: receiving said time-variable voltage signal; transmitting said time-variable voltage signal to a transistor, said transistor being maintained in a linear voltage-current operating mode; converting said time-variable voltage signal into a time-variable current signal using said transistor; and adding said time-variable current signal to a substantially fixed current signal generated by a substantially fixed current source to provide an output time-variable current signal.
 8. The method as claimed in claim 7 , further comprising the step of providing said output time-variable current signal with an isolation from following stages.
 9. A method for converting an input time-variable current signal into an output time-variable current signal using at least one transistor, said method comprising the steps of: receiving said input time-variable current signal; converting said input time-variable current signal into an interstage time-variable voltage signal; transmitting said interstage time-variable voltage signal to a transistor, said transistor being maintained in a linear voltage-current operating mode; converting said interstage time-variable voltage signal into a time-variable current signal using said transistor; and adding said time-variable current signal to a substantially fixed current signal generated by a substantially fixed current source to provide an output time-variable current signal.
 10. The method as claimed in claim 9 , further comprising the step of providing said output time-variable current signal with an isolation from following stages.
 11. The method as claimed in claim 9 , wherein said input time-variable current signal is converted into an interstage time-variable voltage signal in a linear way. 